3.1.7.5. Manzari Dafalias Material

Code Developed by: Alborz Ghofrani, Pedro Arduino, U. Washington

This command is used to construct a multi-dimensional [Manzari-Dafalias2004] material.

function

nDmaterial ManzariDafalias $matTag $G0 $nu $e_init $Mc $c $lambda_c $e0 $ksi $P_atm $m $h0 $ch $nb $A0 $nd $z_max $cz $Den

Argument	Type	Description
$matTag	integer	unique tag identifying material
$G0	float	shear modulus constant
$nu	float	poisson ratio
$e_init	float	initial void ratio
$Mc	float	critical state stress ratio
$c	float	ratio of critical state stress ratio in extension and compression
$lambda_c	float	critical state line constant
$e0	float	critical void ratio at p = 0
$ksi	float	critical state line constant
$P_atc	float	atmospheric pressure
$m	float	yield surface constant (radius of yield surface in stress ratio space)
$h0	float	constant parameter
$ch	float	constant parameter
$nb	float	bounding surface parameter $nb ≥ 0
$A0	float	dilatancy parameter
$nd	float	dilatancy surface parameter $nd ≥ 0
$z_max	float	fabric-dilatancy tensor parameter
$cz	float	fabric-dilatancy tensor parameter
$Den	float	mass density of the material

Note

The material formulations for the Manzari-Dafalias object are “ThreeDimensional” and “PlaneStrain”

Note

Valid Element Recorder queries are: stress, strain alpha (or backstressratio) for $\mathbf{\alpha}$ fabric for $\mathbf{z}$ alpha_in (or alphain) for $\mathbf{\alpha_{in}}$

recorder Element -eleRange 1 $numElem -time -file stress.out  stress

#. Elastic or Elastoplastic response could be enforced by
   Elastic:   updateMaterialStage -material $matTag -stage 0
   Elastoplastic:   updateMaterialStage -material $matTag -stage 1

Theory

\[p = \frac{1}{3} \mathrm{tr}(\mathbf{\sigma})\]

\[\mathbf{s} = \mathrm{dev} (\mathbf{\sigma}) = \mathbf{\sigma} - \frac{1}{3} p \mathbf{1}\]

Elasticity Elastic moduli are considered to be functions of p and current void ratio:

\[G = G_0 p_{atm}\frac{\left(2.97-e\right)^2}{1+e}\left(\frac{p}{p_{atm}}\right)^{1/2}\]

\[K = \frac{2(1+\nu)}{3(1-2\nu)} G\]

The elastic stress-strain relationship is:

\[d\mathbf{e}^\mathrm{e} = \frac{d\mathbf{s}}{2G}\]

\[d\varepsilon^\mathrm{e}_v = \frac{dp}{K}\]

Critical State Line A power relationship is assumed for the critical state line:

\[e_c = e_0 - \lambda_c\left(\frac{p_c}{p_{atm}}\right)^\xi\]

where $e_0$ is the void ratio at $p_c = 0$ and $\lambda_c$ and $\xi$ constants.

Yield Surface Yield surface is a stress-ratio dependent surface in this model and is defined as

\[\left\| \mathbf{s} - p \mathbf{\alpha} \right\| - \sqrt\frac{2}{3}pm = 0\]

with $\mathbf{\alpha}$ being the deviatoric back stress-ratio.

Plastic Strain Increment The increment of the plastic strain tensor is given by

\[d\mathbf{\varepsilon}^p = \langle L \rangle \mathbf{R}\]

where

\[\mathbf{R} = \mathbf{R'} + \frac{1}{3} D \mathbf{1}\]

therefore

$d\mathbf{e}^p = \langle L \rangle \mathbf{R'}$ and $d\varepsilon^p_v = \langle L \rangle D$ The hardening modulus in this model is defined as

\[K_p = \frac{2}{3} p h (\mathbf{\alpha}^b_{\theta} - \mathbf{\alpha}): \mathbf{n}\]

where $\mathbf{n}$ is the deviatoric part of the gradient to yield surface.

$\mathbf{\alpha}^b_{\theta} = \sqrt{\frac{2}{3}} \left[g(\theta,c) M_c exp(-n^b\Psi) - m\right] \mathbf{n} `, :math:$Psi` being the state parameter.

the hardening parameter $h$ is defined as

\[h = \frac{b_0}{(\mathbf{\alpha}-\mathbf{\alpha_{in}}):\mathbf{n}}\]

$\mathbf{\alpha_{in}}$ is the value of $\mathbf{\alpha}$ at initiation of loading cycle.

\[b_0 = G_0 h_0 (1-c_h e) \left(\frac{p}{p_{atm}}\right)^{-1/2}\]

Also the dilation parameters are defined as

\[D = A_d (\mathbf{\alpha}^d_{\theta}-\mathbf{\alpha}) : \mathbf{n}\]

\[\mathbf{\alpha}^d_{\theta} = \sqrt{\frac{2}{3}} \left[g(\theta,c) M_c exp(n^d\Psi) - m\right] \mathbf{n}\]

\[A_d = A_0 (1+\langle \mathbf{z : n}\rangle)\]

where $\mathbf{z}$ is the fabric tensor.

The evolution of fabric and the back stress-ratio tensors are defined as

\[d\mathbf{z} = - c_z \langle -d\varepsilon^p_v \rangle (z_{max}\mathbf{n}+\mathbf{z})`\]

\[d\mathbf{\alpha} = \langle L \rangle (2/3) h (\mathbf{\alpha}^b_{\theta} - \mathbf{\alpha})\]

Example

This example, provides an undrained confined triaxial compression test using one 8-node SSPBrickUP element and ManzariDafalias material model.

# HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH #
# 3D Undrained Conventional Triaxial Compression Test Using One Element #
# University of Washington, Department of Civil and Environmental Eng   #
# Geotechnical Eng Group, A. Ghofrani, P. Arduino - Dec 2013            #
# Basic units are m, Ton(metric), s#
# HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH #

wipe

# ------------------------ #
# Test Specific parameters #
# ------------------------ #
# Confinement Stress
set pConf -300.0
# Deviatoric strain
set devDisp -0.3
# Permeablity
set perm 1.0e-10
# Initial void ratio
set vR 0.8

# Rayleigh damping parameter
set damp   0.1
set omega1 0.0157
set omega2 64.123
set a1 [expr 2.0*$damp/($omega1+$omega2)]
set a0 [expr $a1*$omega1*$omega2]

# HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
# HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHCreate ModelHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
# HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

# Create a 3D model with 4 Degrees of Freedom
model BasicBuilder -ndm 3 -ndf 4

# Create nodes
node 11.00.00.0
node 21.01.00.0
node 3 0.01.00.0
node 40.00.00.0
node 51.00.01.0
node 6 1.01.01.0
node 7 0.01.01.0
node 8 0.00.01.0

# Create Fixities
fix 1 0 1 1 1
fix 2 0 0 1 1
fix 31 0 1 1
fix 4 1 1 1 1
fix 50 1 0 1
fix 6 0 0 0 1
fix 71 0 0 1
fix 8 1 1 0 1


# Create material
#          ManzariDafalias  tag    G0   nu   e_init   Mc    c    lambda_c    e0    ksi   P_atm   m    h0   ch    nb  A0      nd   z_max   cz    Den  
nDMaterial ManzariDafalias   1    125  0.05   $vR    1.25  0.712   0.019    0.934  0.7    100   0.01 7.05 0.968 1.1 0.704    3.5    4     600  1.42  

# Create element
#       SSPbrickUP  tag    i j k l m n p q  matTag  fBulk  fDen    k1    k2   k3   void   alpha    <b1 b2 b3>
element SSPbrickUP   1     1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8    1     2.2e6   1.0  $perm $perm $perm  $vR   1.5e-9 

# Create recorders
recorder Node    -file disp.out   -time -nodeRange 1 8 -dof 1 2 3 disp
recorder Node    -file press.out  -time -nodeRange 1 8 -dof 4     vel
recorder Element -file stress.out -time stress
recorder Element -file strain.out -time strain
recorder Element -file alpha.out  -time alpha
recorder Element -file fabric.out -time fabric


# Create analysis
constraints Penalty 1.0e18 1.0e18
test        NormDispIncr 1.0e-5 20 1
algorithm   Newton
numberer    RCM
system      BandGeneral
integrator  Newmark 0.5 0.25
rayleigh    $a0 0. $a1 0.0
analysis    Transient

# Apply confinement pressure
set pNode [expr $pConf / 4.0]
pattern Plain 1 {Series -time {0 10000 1e10} -values {0 1 1} -factor 1} {
    load 1  $pNode  0.0    0.0    0.0
    load 2  $pNode  $pNode 0.0    0.0
    load 3  0.0     $pNode 0.0    0.0
    load 4  0.0     0.0    0.0    0.0
    load 5  $pNode  0.0    $pNode 0.0
    load 6  $pNode  $pNode $pNode 0.0
    load 7  0.0     $pNode $pNode 0.0
    load 8  0.0     0.0    $pNode 0.0
}
analyze 100 100

# Let the model rest and waves damp out
analyze 50  100

# Close drainage valves
for {set x 1} {$x<9} {incr x} {
   remove sp $x 4
}
analyze 50 100

# Read vertical displacement of top plane
set vertDisp [nodeDisp 5 3]
# Apply deviatoric strain
set lValues [list 1 [expr 1+$devDisp/$vertDisp] [expr 1+$devDisp/$vertDisp]]
set ts "{Series -time {20000 1020000 10020000} -values {$lValues} -factor 1}"

# loading object deviator stress
eval "pattern Plain 2 $ts { 
sp 5  3$vertDisp
sp 6  3$vertDisp
sp 7  3 $vertDisp
sp 8  3 $vertDisp
}"

# Set number and length of (pseudo)time steps
set dT      100
set numStep 10000

# Analyze and use substepping if needed
set remStep $numStep
set success 0
proc subStepAnalyze {dT subStep} {
    if {$subStep > 10} {
	return -10
    }
    for {set i 1} {$i < 3} {incr i} {
	puts "Try dT = $dT"
	set success [analyze 1 $dT]
	if {$success != 0} {
	    set success [subStepAnalyze [expr $dT/2.0] [expr $subStep+1]]
	    if {$success == -10} {
		puts "Did not converge."
		return success
	    }
	} else {
	    if {$i==1} {
		puts "Substep $subStep : Left side converged with dT = $dT"
	    } else {
		puts "Substep $subStep : Right side converged with dT = $dT"
	    }
	}
    }
    return success
}

puts "Start analysis"
set startT [clock seconds]

while {$success != -10} {
    set subStep 0
    set success [analyze $remStep  $dT]
    if {$success == 0} {
	puts "Analysis Finished"
	break
    } else {
	set curTime  [getTime]
	puts "Analysis failed at $curTime . Try substepping."
	set success  [subStepAnalyze [expr $dT/2.0] [incr subStep]]
        set curStep  [expr int(($curTime-20000)/$dT + 1)]
        set remStep  [expr int($numStep-$curStep)]
	puts "Current step: $curStep , Remaining steps: $remStep"
    }
}
set endT [clock seconds]
puts "loading analysis execution time: [expr $endT-$startT] seconds."

wipe

[Manzari-Dafalias2004]

Dafalias YF, Manzari MT. “Simple plasticity sand model accounting for fabric change effects”. Journal of Engineering Mechanics 2004